Method for ensuring correct dispensing  of prescription orders

ABSTRACT

A method of distributing a filled prescription order from a worker of a to a customer includes providing a computer-readable memory device having saved thereon a first identifier of the customer and a second identifier of the customer. The method also includes requesting the first identifier from the customer and requesting the second identifier from the customer. Also, the method includes inputting the first and second identifiers into an input device by at least one of the worker and the customer. Moreover, the method includes confirming an identity of the customer by confirming that the first and second identifiers input correspond satisfactorily with the first and second identifiers saved on the memory device. Still further, the method includes limiting transfer of the filled prescription order from the worker to the customer until confirming the identity of the customer.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/050,308, filed Mar. 17, 2011, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/444,062, filed Feb. 17, 2011, and which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/268,389 filed Nov. 10, 2008, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/213,321, filed Aug. 25, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,448,544, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/605,274, filed Aug. 26, 2004, and which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/715,439, filed Nov. 16, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,672,859. Each of these applications is entirely incorporated herein by reference.

application Ser. No. 13/050,308, filed Mar. 17, 2011 is additionally a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/027,075, filed Feb. 14, 2011, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/223,308, filed on Aug. 18, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,887,146, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/313,305 filed on Aug. 18, 2001. Each of these applications is also entirely incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a system for tracking a prescription in a pharmacy and, more particularly, to a system for tracking, filling and storing a prescription and dispensing the filled prescription after verifying the customer's identification to ensure that the proper prescription is transferred to the intended customer. This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/444,062, filed on Feb. 17, 2011, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

A typical local retail pharmacy fills thousands of prescription orders per week. Moreover, as the general population ages and new beneficial drugs are introduced, prescription order volumes to be filled at retail pharmacies are expected to double within the next few years. This present and expected increase in order volume places enormous pressure on pharmacists and other pharmacy workers, who strive to fill each order efficiently, accurately and quickly.

Most customers have a limited view of how a typical retail pharmacy works. They often think that when they present a written prescription order to a local retail pharmacy, such as at their corner drugstore, a pharmacist will personally greet them, review their order, complete and file the necessary paperwork required by applicable laws, fill the prescription order, and present the filled order to the customer, all within a few minutes. However, in addition to increasing volume, the traditional retail pharmacist is now faced with a large variety of additional tasks, including obtaining proper insurance payment authorization, and in some cases verifying the refillabilty of a particular prescription order. Moreover, orders may now enter the pharmacy through a wide variety of mediums, such as via facsimile, phone call, and e-mail.

In light of the increasing demands and obligations placed on retail pharmacies, they are evolving into more efficient organizations having numerous employees performing individual tasks associated with filling each prescription order. For example, when a customer presents a prescription to the pharmacy, a clerk may take the prescription order and enter it into a computer system that verifies insurance information. If approved, he or she may then prepare a prescription label to be placed on the package that will ultimately contain the prescribed drug. The clerk may then present the prescription order and label to a technician, usually stationed at another location within the pharmacy, who will physically fill the prescription by placing the appropriate quantity of the prescribed drug within the bottle and attach the label. Pursuant to applicable laws, a registered pharmacist then reviews the technician's work, and approves the dispersal of the completed prescription order to the customer. A clerk may then place the filled prescription in a storage area to await customer pick-up. Upon customer pick-up, the clerk files the written prescription order and any other appropriate paperwork related to the transaction, such as signed insurance forms and any informed consent paperwork. This type of system allows the pharmacy to quickly, efficiently, and economically fill numerous prescription orders.

In addition, a growing number of retail pharmacies are using remote filling stations to process some prescription orders. In general, the retail pharmacy receives an order from a customer, and completes the necessary steps to fill the prescription. However, instead of filling the prescription order in-house, the request is transferred, usually electronically, to a remote filling station, that fills the order and ships the filled order back to the pharmacy for distribution to the client. Usually, all the orders processed from a particular remote filling station are shipped to the retail pharmacy in one container, and considerable paperwork usually accompanies the container to document the filling of each prescription order. Accordingly, considerable pharmacy worker time and effort is spent processing the bulk shipment of filled prescriptions and related paperwork, such as entering information into the retail pharmacy's computer system, and distributing the filled prescription orders to a storage area for individual customer pick-up.

Given the high volume of prescription orders being filled, the large number of people performing individual tasks associated with filling each prescription order, and the numerous locations within and outside of the pharmacy that a prescription order can be positioned as it is being filled, it is important that the prescription order, and ultimately the filled prescription, be easily located and identified throughout the process. For example, if a particular prescription order is denied payment by insurance, a clerk may hold the prescription order aside while the customer is contacted. If the customer presents himself to another clerk at the pick-up window, while the first clerk is attempting to call the customer at home, the second clerk often has no way of knowing the current status of the prescription order, or where it is in the order filling process. Accordingly, the second clerk is forced to search each location within the pharmacy.

In addition, should a prescription order be inadvertently misplaced within the pharmacy, it is often difficult to find, thereby needlessly delaying the filling process and wasting worker time to locate it. Similarly, it is desirable for pharmacy workers to be able to easily identify and locate particular prescription orders that meet predefined criteria, such as having fallen behind a promised customer pick-up time.

Some pharmacy vendors have attempted to overcome these problems by offering systems that manually track prescription orders within a pharmacy. In particular, they require the worker at a given station to manually enter into a computer the fact that they have received a particular prescription order at that particular location. However, in addition to the lost time associated with manually entering this information at each station, evidence suggests that many workers find this repetitive task cumbersome, and as a result, they often fail to manually enter such information. Accordingly, these types of tracking systems are rendered useless.

Similarly, some pharmacy vendors have attempted to automate the prescription filling aspect of a pharmacy by incorporating an automatic assembly line process for filling prescription orders. In particular, an operator enters a prescription order into a computer system, which causes a conveyor-type system to deliver an empty vial to an automated drug dispenser. The filled vial is then automatically matched with a label and presented to a pharmacist for final review and approval. While these types of devices facilitate the quick and efficient filling of prescription orders, they are expensive for use in a retail pharmacy environment, and they occupy a large amount of limited space within the pharmacy. Moreover, they still require pharmacy workers to perform manual tasks such as verifying insurance and renewability of the prescription, and processing the various forms of prescription orders before and after they are entered into the automated system. Accordingly, they do not permit the easy location of prescription orders as they travel within the automated pharmacy environment, or easy identification of the prescription orders that have fallen behind a predetermined timeframe established for the pharmacy to fill the prescription order.

Moreover, once the prescription order has been filled, the prescriptions are often organized and stored in one or more collection bins for pick-up. Oftentimes, the prescriptions are organized in alphabetical order according to the patient's last name. This can lead to confusion and/or risk of dispensing the prescription to the wrong patient. For instance, if there are two patients with substantially similar names, the prescriptions are likely to be stored next to each other, and the pharmacy worker may inadvertently dispense a prescription to the wrong person without adequately confirming the customer's identity.

SUMMARY

Despite the known pharmacy prescription order identification and tracking systems, there remains a need for a method of distributing a filled prescription order from a worker of a pharmacy to a customer. The method includes providing a computer-readable memory device having saved thereon a first identifier of the customer and a second identifier of the customer. The method also includes requesting the first identifier from the customer and requesting the second identifier from the customer. Also, the method includes inputting the first and second identifiers into an input device by at least one of the worker and the customer. Moreover, the method includes confirming an identity of the customer by confirming that the first and second identifiers input correspond satisfactorily with the first and second identifiers saved on the memory device. Still further, the method includes limiting transfer of the filled prescription order from the worker to the customer until confirming the identity of the customer.

Furthermore, a system for distributing a filled prescription order from a worker of a pharmacy to a customer is disclosed. The system includes a computer system with a computer-readable memory device having saved thereon a first identifier of the customer and a second identifier of the customer. The system also includes an input device operable for inputting the first identifier and also operable for inputting the second identifier by at least one of the customer and the worker. The computer system is operable for confirming an identity of the customer by confirming that the first and second identifiers input correspond satisfactorily with the first and second identifiers saved on the memory device. The computer system is also operable for limiting distribution of the filled prescription order from the worker to the pharmacy until the identity of the customer has been confirmed.

Moreover, a method of tracking and distributing a prescription order that results in a filled prescription order in a pharmacy is disclosed. The pharmacy has a plurality of physically spaced apart locations for manual filling and storing the prescription order. The plurality of spaced apart locations are positioned along a workflow stream leading to an array of compartments. A storage area for the filled prescription order is defined by one of the array of compartments. The prescription order is moved between the plurality of spaced apart locations by one or more pharmacy workers by hand. The method includes receiving the prescription order from the customer at a first location upstream of the storage area. The method also includes operably securing an RFID tag to the prescription order upstream of the storage area. The RFID tag has a unique identifier that is machine-readable by a first location tag reader in proximity to the RFID tag regardless of the orientation of the RFID tag relative to the first location tag reader. Additionally, the method includes associating the unique identifier of the RFID tag with a first and second identifier of the customer stored in computer-readable memory device of a computer system. Still further, the method includes moving the prescription order by hand to a second location within the pharmacy for manual filling upstream of the storage area. The second location has a second location tag reader in communication with the computer system. The method additionally includes automatically detecting the presence of the prescription order at the second location by reading the unique identifier of the RFID tag with the second location tag reader regardless of the orientation of the RFID tag and automatically recording at the computer system the location of the prescription order at the second location for the manual filling. Also, the method includes moving the filled prescription order by hand to the storage area defined by the one of the array of compartments. Each compartment has a corresponding compartment tag reader that is in communication with the computer system and is operable to read the unique identifier of the RFID tag on the filled prescription order regardless of the orientation of the RFID tag, wherein associating the unique identifier of the RFID tag with the first and second identifiers and automatically detecting the presence of the prescription order are performed by or under control of the computer system. The method further includes requesting input of the first identifier of the customer by the one or more pharmacy workers. Moreover, the method includes requesting input of the second identifier of the customer by the one or more pharmacy workers. The method also includes confirming an identity of the customer by confirming that the first and second identifiers input match the first and second identifiers saved on the memory device. Also, the method includes revealing the storage area to the one or more pharmacy workers only after confirming the identity of the customer, thereby allowing the one or more pharmacy workers to obtain the filled prescription order and transfer the filled prescription order to the customer.

Additional objects and advantages of the present disclosure will be apparent from the detailed description of the preferred embodiment thereof, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an identification tag in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an exemplar retail pharmacy using a remote filling station to fill one or more prescription orders, and return the filled prescriptions to the retail pharmacy for distribution.

FIG. 3 is an isometric view of simultaneous scanning of a plurality of prescription orders in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is an isometric view of a prescription order having a tag operably secured thereto with the tag having a plurality of transducers thereon.

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a prescription order tracking system used in a remote pharmacy in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6A is a block diagram of an exemplar health care provider prescription order filling system showing a possible remote pharmacy filling process.

FIG. 6B is a schematic diagram of an exemplar health care provider prescription order filling system showing a possible distribution of a prescription order from the remote pharmacy of FIG. 6A to the health care provider for further distribution to a patient or resident.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an exemplary computer system in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 is an exemplar schematic diagram of a multiplexed tag reader array and related system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 is an alternative exemplar schematic diagram of a multiplexed tag reader array and related system.

FIG. 10 is a top plan view of an exemplar, planar, antenna array card showing possible shielding encircling each antenna.

FIG. 11A is a front view of the antenna array card of FIG. 10.

FIG. 11B is a right, side view of the antenna array card of FIG. 11A.

FIG. 11C is a back view of the antenna array card of FIG. 11A.

FIG. 12 is a front isometric, exploded view of a storage bin having an antenna array card operably secured thereto.

FIG. 13 is a rear, isometric, exploded view of the storage bin and antenna array card of FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 is a front, isometric view of a storage structure having a plurality of antenna array cards operably secured thereto.

FIG. 15 is a front, isometric view of the storage structure of FIG. 14 showing a possible connection to a computing device.

FIG. 16 is a side view of the storage structure of FIG. 15.

FIG. 17A is an exemplar, isometric view of a possible workstation having a substantially horizontally mounted planar frame containing at least one tag reader antenna therein.

FIG. 17B is an alternative exemplar, isometric view of a possible workstation having a substantially horizontally mounted planar frame containing at least one tag reader antenna therein.

FIG. 18 is a top view of the workstation of FIG. 17A.

FIG. 19A is a top view of an exemplar array of tag reading antenna directed to define a common scanning space or scanning tunnel.

FIG. 19B is a side view of an alternative exemplar array of tag reading antenna directed to define a common scanning space or scanning tunnel.

FIG. 20 is a front, isometric view of a portable prescription order distribution cart in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 21 is a rear, isometric view of the portable prescription order distribution cart in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 22 is a schematic view of a health care provider prescription order tracking system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 23 is an exemplar flow chart of a possible verification system process that automatically verifies that a particular patient within a healthcare facility has been given the correct prescription order for that patient.

FIG. 24 is an exemplar prescription order storage cabinet locking system in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 25 is a schematic diagram of an exemplar biologically activated tag operably secured to a medication.

FIG. 26 is a schematic view of a scanning wand in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 27 is a right, side view of the scanning wand of FIG. 26.

FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional view of the scanning wand of FIG. 26 taken along line 28-28 of FIG. 26.

FIG. 29 is a top view of a preferred conductive portion of the scanning wand of FIG. 26.

FIG. 30 is exemplar control logic for using the scanning wand of FIG. 26 with the tracking system of the present disclosure.

FIG. 31 is a flowchart illustrating a system and method of distributing a prescription order according to exemplary teachings of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

A prescription order 12 tracking and distribution system 10 that uses a scanning wand 500 (FIGS. 7, 19, 20, 26-30) and can include a portable cart 11 (FIGS. 20 & 21) having a plurality of individually identified cubbies therein is disclosed in FIGS. 1-31.

In general and as shown in FIGS. 5, 6A, 6B, and 20, a prescription order 12 is presented to the remote pharmacy 14 by a healthcare provider or other agent (hereafter collectively referred to as a “healthcare provider”) for a patient. Referring to FIG. 6A, the remote pharmacy or the healthcare provider assigns an identification tag 16 to the prescription order 12. Tag reading devices 18 are positioned at key locations throughout the pharmacy 14 (FIG. 5) and the healthcare provider's facility 17 (FIG. 21) and in communication with a computer system 20 having a display 22, such that the movement of the prescription order 12 throughout the pharmacy 14 and/or the healthcare provider's facility 17 automatically detects and records the location of the tag 16 without further worker input. A plurality of tags may be simultaneously tracked, thereby facilitation bulk processing and distribution of prescription orders, particularly those received from the off-site facility 15. Moreover, each tag preferably includes read-writable memory that is preferably coded with key information about the prescription order, such as the customer's name, identifying information, prescribed drug, insurance information, directions for use, National Drug Control (“NDC”) number, and the like. Accordingly, a pharmacy worker within the pharmacy, a worker at the healthcare provider's facility or even a worker at a third remote location can quickly and easily determine all relevant information about a particular prescription order without necessarily having to first correlate a tag identification code with a computer system database.

In addition, a worker can easily determine the location of the prescription order 12 within the pharmacy and/or the healthcare provider's facility 17 by entering commands in the computer system 20 with a user input device such as a keyboard 120 to display the location of the prescription order 12 on the computer display 22. The individual elements forming the present disclosure are discussed in greater detail below.

A. TAGS

Preferably, one or more readers 18 locate tags 16 through electromagnetic interrogation of a spatial region to determine the presence of an object. One such system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,057,756 to Engellenner, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. In general, the tag 16 is an electromagnetic antenna and/or signal receiver which responds either passively or actively to announce the presence (or absence) of an object within a controlled region defined by a broadcasted electromagnetic interrogation signal. Preferably, each tag 16 includes a coding mechanism for uniquely identifying it with respect to other tags in the system.

FIG. 1 discloses an exemplar tag 16 and related components for locating a prescription order 12 in a pharmacy 14. The computer system 20 is operably connected to a transceiver 60 a, such as for example, a conventional Radio-Frequency Identification (“RFID”) tag, that transmits a signal 42 to a plurality of tags 16. Each tag 16 is assigned to travel with a unique prescription order 12, and includes a transceiver 60 b for receiving the signal and internal circuitry such as a processor 48, power source 50 and memory 52 which contains a unique identifier for that tag and control logic to preferably activate one or more transducers 17, which serve as the worker signaling device when the tag 16 receiving a unique signal 42 from the transmitter 40. Such transducers 17 may also be operably secured to the tag reader 18 or some other structure as needed to assist a worker.

Preferably, the transducer 17 are either a light 17 a (FIG. 4) or audio speaker 17 b (FIG. 4). More preferably, there are a plurality of transducers 17 that can be individually activated on each tag 16. For example, there can be three lights of different colors (i.e. red, yellow, and green), which can be activated either alone or in combination to identify the status of that prescription order 12, with a different status being denoted by a different transducer being activated.

More preferably, the memory 52 on the tag is read-writable that is preferably coded with key information about the prescription order, such as the customer's name, identifying information, date of birth, social securing number, prescription number, proper storage instructions, known side-effects, expiration date, prescribed drug, insurance information, directions for use, National Drug Control (“NDC”) number, and the like.

The computer system 20 includes appropriate application programs 136 (FIG. 7) and memory 122 (FIG. 7) to correlate a customer's identifying information such as their name, phone number, and the like, with the unique identifier and/or other information in the memory of the tag traveling with that prescription order. Accordingly, when a pharmacy worker wishes to locate a customer's prescription order, he or she may find the customer's identifying information on the computer system 20, and cause the computer system to transmit the unique signal 42 through the transceiver 60 a to wirelessly activate one or more transducers 17 on the tag 16 associated with the customer's prescription order 12. For example, the tag's audio speaker 17 b may make an audible sound, or one or more lights 17 a on the tag 16 may light and/or blink.

Preferably, a plurality of fixed or handheld transceivers, which are collectively referred to as tag readers 18 herein, are spaced apart from each other and positioned at desired locations within the pharmacy 14 to define spaced-apart interrogation zones within the pharmacy. Each tag reader 18 includes a front-end transmitter 62 that generates a digitally encoded signal 64. Preferably, the signal 64 is chosen to facilitate a response from only one uniquely coded tag 16. The receiver portion 66 of the tag reader 18 can induce a coded signal detector that senses the transponder signal 64 and correlates it with a stored code to identify that the tag 16 is present in a particular interrogation zone, thereby also determining the tag's location within the pharmacy.

The computer system 20 can also use conventional triangulation techniques to determine the location of the tag within the pharmacy. In which case, only two spaced-apart tag readers 18 need be placed within the pharmacy. Alternatively, using quasi-sonar-type locating techniques, a single tag reader 18 could be used determine the location of the tag within the pharmacy.

Each tag 16 can be either passive or active. In the passive mode, the tag circuitry accumulates and then returns a signal, if the interrogation signal matches a predefined code sequence stored in memory in the tag's circuitry. In an active mode, each tag further includes a power source 50 that assists with signal amplification, detection and/or wave forming.

More preferably and as shown in FIG. 25, miniature tags are also operably secured to individual doses of medication. Preferably, such miniature tags are no larger than a grain of rice, and they are operably secured to the medication, say for example by being received within the casing of a pill or the like. Accordingly, tag readers, which are in communication with a computer system, are positioned near the patient's stomach or near the waste of the patient, to detect the presence of a tag thereby indicating the medication has been consumed by the patient.

In institutional environments where a large number of residents consume medications on a regular basis, a tag reader can be positioned along a common waste removal path, such as a sewage pipe or the like exiting from the facility. Accordingly, the tag reader can detect each tag as it exits the facility along the waste path, thereby providing non-evasive verification of consumption medication for all patients within the facility.

Preferably, unique tags are also operably secured to each worker and the patient themselves. Accordingly, the computer system correlates the prescription orders, patients, and worker information to determine if a particular patient has been given their prescription order, if the correct prescription order was distributed, which worker administered it, and if the medication was indeed consumed by the patient.

More preferably, tags operably secured to the medications are biologically activated, say for example, by interacting with stomach acids or digestive processes to activate them to thereby further serve to confirm proper ingestion of the medication. One such biologically activated structure includes impeding an activation switch of the tag within an ingestible material, such as calcium carbonate or the like, that dissolves in stomach acid. The switch is biased to an on position, but imbedded in the ingestible material in an off position. As the ingestible material dissolves, the switch is released and thereby seeks its on position to activate the tag.

Other examples of biologically activated structures include encasing the tag within an ingestible electromagnetic shielding material, such as a human safe metal or the like. The shielding material prevents the tag from communication with a tag reader. However, as the shielding material dissolved in a patient's stomach acid, the tag and tag reader are able to communicate. Also, a biologically activated structure can also be a tag having a current passing through a small amount of ingestible, conductive material that dissolves in stomach acid thereby defining a resistor. As the ingestible, conductive material dissolves, the resistance provided by the resistor is reduced. The tag detects this change in resistance and activates itself to communicate with a tag reader accordingly.

Individually tagged pills and the like provide several additional benefits. For example, they reduce the likelihood of counterfeit medications being dispensed, they can include monitoring sensors that track environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, light levels and the like, to alert a worker or potential user that a particular dose had been stored in improper conditions and the effectiveness of the dose may therefore have been compromised, and they help stop “shrink” or other diversion of the medication.

In addition, they facilitate accurate counting of medications and assist with preventing inadvertent dispensing of medications. For example, pills can become lodged within the shots of traditional automated pill counters. Such pills can become dislodged during the filling of a new prescription and inadvertently fall into a bottle for a different patient. Individual pill tracking can detect such errors and validate quantity simply by scanning a filled prescription bottle at any time prior to dispensing it to a customer.

B. PRESCRIPTION ORDER TRACKING

Tags 16 may also be used to track the location of the prescription order as it travels throughout the off-site pharmacy 14 an off-site prescription filling center 15 and/or a healthcare facility 17. For example and referring to FIG. 5, a prescription order 12 is presented to the pharmacy 14 and assigned an identification tag 16, preferably with one or more transducers 17 thereon. Tag readers 18 are positioned at key locations throughout the pharmacy 14 and in communication with the computer system 20 having a display 22, such that the movement of the prescription order 12 throughout the pharmacy 14 automatically detects and records the location of the tag 16 without further worker input. In addition to, or alternatively, the transducers 17 can be operably secured to a tag reader 18 or some other object.

Accordingly, a worker can easily determine the location of the prescription order 12 within the pharmacy by entering commands in the computer system 20 with a user input device such as a keyboard 120 to display the location of the prescription order 12 on the computer display 22. Alternatively, the computer system can detect the identity of a customer based on predetermined criteria such as by detecting a tag operably secured to the customer, or through bio-medical detection techniques such a retina or fingerprint scanning, and initiating retrieval of the detected customer's prescription order.

Each tag reader 18 is placed in communication with the computer system such that information regarding the customer, his prescription order position, and the status of his order can be readily displayed on the computer display 22, and thereby facilitating location of the prescription order 10 within the pharmacy 14.

Preferably, the identification tags 16 are attached to the prescription label, detachably secured to the prescription order, or rigidly secured to a carrier 46 (FIG. 4) containing these documents and other materials related to filling the prescription. The tags themselves can be either rigidly or detachably secured to the prescription order. For example, the tags can be directly secured to the prescription with adhesive or secured within a prescription lid. Also, the tags can be secured to a fastener, such as a paperclip, that is detachably secured to the prescription order.

1. Pharmacy Prescription Order Filling Procedure

Referring specifically to FIG. 6A, an exemplary pharmacy, which is preferably a remote pharmacy for filling prescription orders for a healthcare facility 300 (FIG. 22) prescription order filling procedure is disclosed. In step P1, the healthcare facility presents a prescription order, which could include a written prescription form, a renewable prescription label, or any other tangible medium documenting a request for a prescription by a health care provider is presented to the pharmacy either in person, via facsimile, via phone, or via a computer transmission, such as e-mail. A pharmacy worker then reviews the prescription order and attaches a unique tag 16 (FIG. 4) to it that is readable by a tag reader 18 (FIG. 4) to determine its location within the pharmacy 14.

As shown in Step P2, the pharmacy worker then determines if the prescription order is for a new prescription. If not, the worker determines if the prescription is refillable (Step P5). If the prescription is not refillable, the pharmacy worker will typically contact the physician or the physician's office to determine if the prescription should be refilled (Step P6). If the physician denies a refill, the customer is informed (Step P12). If the physician does not answer the customer is notified and the pharmacy typically holds the prescription order until the physician calls back (Step P13).

If the pharmacy worker ultimately determines that the prescription order is fillable, by the answers to any of Steps P2, P5, or P6 being affirmative, the pharmacy worker then must typically determines if the prescription order is able to be sent to a remote filling facility or if it will be filled onsite within the pharmacy itself (Step P20).

a. Onsite Filling of Prescription Order

If the pharmacy worker determines that the prescription order is to be is filled onsite, he or she first conducts an initial review (Step P3) which includes checking the available inventory for the prescribed drug (Step P4), determining if there is available insurance (Step P7) and if required, obtaining approval from the insurer and preparing the label and necessary billing and information disclosure paperwork (Step P8).

Regarding Step P4, if the inventory is not in stock, the pharmacy worker typically informs the customer and offers the customer an opportunity to special order the prescribed drug (Step P14). If there is only a partial amount of the prescribed drug in stock, the pharmacy worker will typically initiate a procedure for filling only a partial order (Step P15). This procedure typically includes preparing additional paperwork to alert the customer that only a partial order has been filled, and ordering additional quantities of the prescribed drug.

Regarding Step P7, if the insurance coverage is denied, the prescription order is typically held in an area pending the customer being contacted to request authorization to proceed (Step P16). If the insurer cannot be contacted, the pharmacy has the option to either fill the prescription and alert the customer upon pick-up, or hold the prescription order pending a response from the insurer (Step P17).

After the initial review is complete, the prescription order and related paperwork is presented to a technician for data entry (Step P8) and filling (Step P9), the technician fills the prescription order and attaches the label. The technician then presents the filled prescription order and related paperwork to a registered pharmacist for verification (Step P10).

Following verification, the filled prescription is placed in a storage area pending delivery to the healthcare provider (Step P11). Preferably, the healthcare provider has many patients needing prescription orders therein, and the remote pharmacy fills a plurality of prescription orders, usually for different patients, for the healthcare facility. In such case, these orders for a common healthcare provider are preferably individually identified, but grouped together in a common tote or the like, so that they may all be transported to the healthcare provider in the same shipment or delivery run.

Preferably, the totes are delivered to the healthcare provider by a courier, such as a driver or the like as shown in step P23. In such case, the driver receives the totes and a related manifest of the prescription orders and their related patient identifying information therein. This manifest is preferably in a computer readable medium. The driver usually verifies the totes and signs that he or she has received them. The driver then organizes the totes for delivery (Step P24). More preferably, the totes and the delivery vehicles include tags and/or tag readers in communication with the computer system to allow tracking of prescription orders through this phase of the distribution process.

Upon delivery of the tote to the healthcare facility, a healthcare worker usually inspects the prescription orders and related manifest to determine if these materials are in order (Step P25). If so, the healthcare worker signs that he or she has received them, and then transfers the individual prescription orders to a holding area for distribution to individual patients within the healthcare facility (Step P26).

If not, the healthcare worker has a number of options including preparing an exceptions list (step P27), notifying the remote pharmacy of the discrepancy (step P28), and/or determining the criticality of the discrepancy (step P29). If the discrepancy is critical, the pharmacy can refill the missing or erroneous prescription order (step P8). If the discrepancy is not critical, steps P30 through P36 or the like can be taken.

b. Filling at Remote Filling Facility

If in Step P20, the pharmacy worker determines that the prescription order should be filled at an off site remote filling facility, the prescription order is transmitted to an off-site facility, usually electronically as shown in FIG. 2. In such case, the remote filling facility will attach a new tag to the prescription order, and if equipped with one, may code the tag's read-writable memory 52 (FIG. 1) with appropriate drug identifying and other information about the prescription order.

At the remote filing facility, the prescription order is filled in compliance with traditional filling practices, procedures and regulations, including conducting an initial review, checking insurance, labeling, data entry, filling, and verification (Step P21). The filled prescription order is then combined with other filled prescription orders to be delivered to the pharmacy and transported essentially in bulk to the pharmacy as shown in FIG. 2. Alternatively, the filled prescription orders may be delivered directly to the healthcare provider's facility (step P11) preferably though a delivery system substantially similar to those previously described in steps P23-P36.

Upon arrival at the pharmacy or healthcare provider's facility, the bulk shipment of filled prescription orders are preferably positioned in bulk within an interrogation zone of the computer system (Step 22), which simultaneously reads the tag 16 on each prescription order in the bulk shipment as shown in FIG. 3, and updates the computer system's records with this information, including any new information added by the remote filling facility to the tag's memory 52 (FIG. 1).

More preferably, and referring to FIG. 26, the interrogation zone includes a scanning wand 500 in communication with the computer system. This communication can be provided by a wired link between the wand and the computer system or the wand can be wireless connected to the computer system using known technology such as wireless fidelity (WiFi) or Bluetooth technology or the like. In one preferred embodiment, the wand is hand-held.

Preferably, in cases where the tags are radio frequency identification tags, the scanning wand 500 can be an antenna from a Radio Frequency Identification Tag reader. Preferably, the loop is diamond shape and positioned at the distal end of the wand. Alternatively, the tag reader can be operably secured within the wand itself, say for example, by securing it within the handle portion of the wand.

More preferably and referring to FIGS. 26-29, the wand 500 includes a circuit board 501 with related circuitry thereon and a power source to activate one or more transducers 504 thereon in response to predetermined criteria. For example, the transducers can includes a speaker 504 a and/or lights 504 b that are activated by the computer system in response to the detected presence or lack thereof of one or more prescription orders from the bulk shipment. Alternatively, the transducers can be spaced apart from the wand, such as being positioned on a separate consol, pad, mini-console, or the like. The feedback provided by the transducers allows a worker to be away from a computer terminal or the like and still obtain meaningful information about the scanned shipment.

If desired, the wand can be slid into a holster or cradle (not shown) adjacent to the interrogation zone. Accordingly, it need not be held over the items to be scanned. Rather, the items to be scanned can simply be placed near the wand. If desired, a plurality of wands can be positioned along an area so as to define a tunnel through which all prescription orders entering the pharmacy or healthcare facility must pass upon arrival. This plurality of wands can be multiplexed together as described elsewhere herein.

As shown schematically in FIG. 30, the scanning wand 500 and related computer system can be used to verify that a bulk shipment 503 (FIG. 26) of prescription orders arriving at a pharmacy or healthcare facility conforms to a manifest of that shipment. First, a manifest is provided to the pharmacy or health care facility (Step 600). This manifest can arrive through a variety of ways. For example, it can be transmitted from the remote pharmacy 702, be provided on a computer readable media along with the shipment 704, or it can be obtained from one or more read/write identification tags contained within the shipment.

A worker then places the entire shipment in the interrogation zone of the scanning wand. (Step 602), wherein the identification tags of each prescription order is detected and read by the computer system. The computer system then compares the detected prescription orders with the manifest and determines if all items on the manifest are present in scanned order (Step 604).

If all the items in the manifest are present, the computer system and/or wand alert the worker that the scan conformed to the manifest (Step 606). This can be accomplished by activating one or more transducers, such as by giving an affirming chime or the like. If one or more items in the manifest are missing from the scanned items, the computer system and/or wand alert the worker of this discrepancy (Step 608). This can be accomplished by activating one or more different transducers, such as by initiating a warning siren and/or lighting a red light. Accordingly, a worker can instantly know if a particular shipment is complete simply by performing one global scan of the shipment.

Preferably, the computer system also tracks and records each detected individual prescription order as having arrived at the pharmacy and/or healthcare facility.

2. Pharmacy Tracking Zones

In practice and referring specifically to FIG. 5, it is more efficient to perform the various steps noted above at spaced apart locations, or zones, throughout the pharmacy. For example, prescription order intake (Step P1 of FIG. 6) and initial review (Step P3 of FIG. 6) can be performed at location 21 (FIG. 5). Label printing and data entry (Step P8 of FIG. 5) could be accomplished at location 27 (FIG. 5). Prescription orders waiting from some form of call back either from the customer, the insurer, or the health care provider could be placed at location 27 (FIG. 5). Orders waiting to be filled could be placed at location 28 (FIG. 4), orders waiting pharmacist review and approval could be place at location 23 (FIG. 4), and approved filled prescription orders could be stored at location 30 (FIG. 4). Obviously, additional zones (24 & 28) could be added to accommodate a particular pharmacy's practices and procedures.

Preferably each station includes a tag reader 18 in communication with the computer system 20 for automatically detecting the arrival of the tag 16 attached to the prescription order 12 as it enters each location. More preferably, the tag reader 18 detects both the arrival of the tag 16 in that station, and the departure of that tag 16 from that station, with the time interval at that station being determined and recorded there from.

Each tag reader 18 is preferably fixed at a particular location so that detecting the presence of a tag near the device also automatically indicates the location of that tag 16 within the pharmacy. The tag readers 18 can be rigidly mounted to a work area or station, or portable (i.e. handheld) devices that are operably connected to the station so that it can indicate a location within the pharmacy of a detected tag. Such portable devices facilitate scanning of prescription orders that are compiled in bulk, such as a container of filled prescriptions arriving from an off-site filing facility (Step P22, FIG. 6). Since each prescription order in the container has a unique tag 16 the tag reader 18 can simultaneously detect and record the location of multiple prescription orders, a pharmacy worker can wave the tag reader 18 over the container to record the location of all prescription orders in the container and obtain information recorded in the read-writable memory of each tag.

Similarly, a healthcare worker at a healthcare facility can use the same or a similar system within the healthcare facility to wave a tag reader over a container to record the location of all prescription orders in the container and obtain information recorded in the read-writable memory of each tag.

3. Storage Bin

Space and efficiency can be optimized by storing filled or prescription orders 12 to be held for bulk distribution to the healthcare facility 17 a common storage bin 30, preferably containing a plurality of individually identified cubbies therein.

4. Portable Prescription Order Distribution Cart and Storage Bin

Preferably, and as best shown in FIGS. 6A & 6B, the filled prescription orders for a particular healthcare facility are preferably distributed in bulk to the healthcare facility where they are separated and individually administered to the correct patients. Preferably, the healthcare facility includes tag readers in communication with either their own computer system or the same computer system of the pharmacy to allow the information associated with the tags to be transmitted to the healthcare facility along with the filled prescription orders. Alternatively, if the tags include read-writeable memory, the memory of each tag includes appropriate identifying information to correlate each filled prescription order with a particular patient.

Preferably, the healthcare facility has either a storage bin or a portable storage cart for easy storage, location, and removal of each patient's filled prescription order upon receipt from the remote pharmacy. Both of these storage devices are discussed in greater detail below.

a. Storage Bin

As best shown in FIGS. 14-16, the storage bin 30 preferably includes a plurality of cubbies 32, with each cubby 32 being sized to receive a prescription order 12 and associated filled prescription therein. Each cubby is uniquely identified 34, such as by being individually numbered, and includes a tag reader 18, which is preferably an economical antenna or the like operably secured to a common tag reading device by a switching device 36 (which is also commonly known as a multiplexer) for determining whether a particular tag 16 is received within it. Each tag reader 18 is preferably periodically in communication with the computer system 20.

When a prescription order 12 is filled, the prescription order 12 and filled prescription are simply inserted into an available cubby 32. Accordingly, the tag reader 18 associated with that cubby 32 sends a signal to the computer system 20 denoting the particular location and cubby number where the prescription order 12 and filled prescription are held. When a customer arrives to pick-up his or her filled prescription or when a healthcare provider worker seeks to distribute a particular filled prescription order to a patient, the worker enters the customer's identifying information into the computer system 20, and the particular bin number of the cubby containing the prescription order 12 and filled prescription or the current location in the filling process is displayed. The worker then locates and removes the filled prescription from the identified cubby and presents it to the customer or administers it to a patient as needed.

Alternatively, and/or in addition to determining the cubby number in which the customer's filled prescription order is located, the computer system can activate one or more transducers 17 positioned near the filled prescription order or on the tag 16 secured to the prescription order to alert the worker of its location.

The removal of the prescription order 12 from that particular cubby 32 is detected by the tag reader 18 and reported to the computer system 20. The tag 16 can remain affixed to the prescription order 12 when filed, thereby allowing it to be easily located in the future. Alternatively, the tag 16 may be reused with a new incoming prescription order.

b. Portable Prescription Order Distribution Cart

As best shown in FIGS. 20 & 21, the storage area 30 having a plurality of bins 32 therein can also be made portable, such as by placing it on wheels or casters, thereby defining a portable prescription order distribution cart 31 that may be wheeled room-to-room throughout a healthcare facility 300 to allow easy access to and distribution of filled prescription orders.

Preferably, the portable prescription order distribution cart includes a source of power, such as a battery or the like, an input device such as a mouse and/or keyboard, and a scanning wand 500, portable tag reader 18, and monitor in communication with the computer system. The scanning wand 500 may be wired to the cart as shown in FIG. 20, or have a wireless connection to the cart as shown in FIG. 21. Accordingly, the cart serves as a stand-alone structure for allowing a worker to easily locate a particular patient's filled prescription orders within a particular bin and administer the filled prescription to the correct patient.

c. Storage Bin Locking Structure

As shown schematically in FIG. 24, each bin, either in the storage structure 30 or the cart 31 preferably includes a locking structure 600 in communication with the computer system 20 to limit access to filled prescription orders 16 placed therein. For example, a locking tray 602 can operably receive a container 604 having the filled prescription 12 thereon. The tray 602 is sized to secure the container 604 therein and to be slidably received within a bin 32. One or more hooks 606 preferably extend from the tray. The hooks 606 operably engage an electric lock 608 received within or near the bin 32 thereby locking the tray 602 within the bin 32. Accordingly, with the tray 602 locked to the lock 608 within the bin 32 and the container 604 secured within the tray 602, the container 604 cannot be removed from the bin 32.

The electric lock 608 is in communication with the computer system 20 that controls the lock 608 so as to only unlock the tray 602 from the lock 608 when predetermined criteria are met. For example, a worker 620 can wear an identification tag 16 that is detected by a tag reader 18 placed near the bin 32 in which the worker 620 seeks to unlock. The computer system 20 first verifies that the worker 620 is authorized to have access to the items the locked bin, and opens the lock 608 only if the detected worker 620 is authorized. This locking system allows commonly prescribed medications, which are often referred to in the industry as “top 100” medications, to be securely stored within a healthcare facility, but also remain easily accessible to authorized workers, particularly during times when the pharmacy serving the healthcare facility is closed.

In addition, the computer system 20 can release the lock 608 containing the filled prescription only if the patient 622 associated with the prescription order 12 is detected by a tag reader 18 positioned near the locked bin 32 containing the prescription order 12 therein. A tag worn 16 by the patient 622 or some other biometric identification system can be used by the computer system 20 to validate the patient's identity.

C. PROPER DISTRIBUTION VERIFICATION

Preferably, unique tags are operably secured to the healthcare workers and the patients within a healthcare facility, and these tags are detected by the tag readers positioned one or near the portable cart or within each patient's room as shown in FIG. 21. Accordingly, the information collected and compiled by the computer system 20 can be used to verify that the correct prescription order of a particular patient has been dispensed to the correct patient. A block diagram of an exemplar process and application performing this function is shown in FIG. 23.

The detailed description that follows is represented largely in terms of processes and symbolic representations of operations by conventional computer components, including a processing unit, memory storage devices for the processing unit, and a display device. These operations include the manipulation of data bits by the processing unit and the maintenance of these bits within data structures resident in one or more of the memory storage devices. Such data structures impose a physical organization upon the collection of data bits stored within memory and represent specific electrical or magnetic elements. These symbolic representations are the means used by those skilled in the art of computer programming and the construction of computing devices to most effectively convey teachings and discoveries to others skilled in the art.

For purposes of this discussion, a process is generally a sequence of steps executed by a computing device leading to a desired result. These steps generally require physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, although not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical, magnetic, or optical signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, or otherwise manipulated. It is conventional for those skilled in the art to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, records, files or the like. It should be kept in mind however, that these and similar terms should be associated with appropriate physical quantities for computing device operations, and that these terms are merely conventional labels applied to physical quantities that exist within and during operation of the computing device.

It should also be understood that manipulations within the computing device are often referred to in terms such as adding, comparing, moving, etc. which are often associated with manual operations performed by a human operator. The operations described herein are machine operations performed in conjunction with a human operator or user that interacts with a control device. The machines used for performing the operation of the preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, as will be understood, include a control device and other suitable input devices.

In general, in step C1, within range of a tag reader, a healthcare worker removes a prescription order from a cubby within the portable cart. The computer system detects the removal of the prescription order from the cubby and determines the patient associated with the removed prescription order. The prescription order containing a tag is delivered to a patient within range of a tag reader. In step C2, the computer system detects the tag associated with the patient and the tag associated with the prescription order and determines the identified patient is the correct patient to receive the identified prescription order. If so, transducers, such as lights or sounds, on the portable cart can operate to signal the correct relationship between the prescription order and patient (Step C3). If not, the transducers can operate, usually much more significantly, to indicate an error has been made (Step C4).

If desired, the computer system can also automatically track the time interval between the present prescription order delivery and any prior delivery of the same prescribed medication and compare this time with a predetermined time limit to alert the worker and/or patient that the medication to is being administered too soon or too late. Similarly, the computer system can track all medications dispensed to a particular patient and alert a worker and/or the patient if any counter-indicated prescription order combinations have been prescribed to a particular patient.

Also, the computer system can record, or chart, the administration of the prescription order to a patient, thereby saving the healthcare worker time and avoiding the need for the pharmacy worker to manually prepare such reports or charts (Step C5).

Alternatively, the computer system can first detect the presence of a patient 622 within range of the tag reader 18 installed on the cart 31. It then consults an internal database to determine the bin in which that identified patient's prescription order is located, and it can activate one or more transducers positioned on or near that bin to alert the worker of the location of the identified patient's filled prescription order.

In cases where locking structures 600 are installed on the bins 32, the computer system 20 can automatically unlock only the bin associated with the identified patient's prescription order, thereby further preventing inadvertent distribution of an improper prescription order by the worker 620.

D. COMPUTER SYSTEM

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure relies on and incorporates several common features of modern personal computers. The general use, operation, and construction of a computer system is known and has been disclosed in numerous patients such as U.S. Pat. No. 5,818,447 to Wolf et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,752,025 to Shakib et al.

Referring to FIG. 6, the following discussion is intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environment in which the invention may be implemented. Although not required, the invention will be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a personal computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

With reference to FIG. 7, an exemplary system for implementing the invention includes a general purpose computing system in the form of a conventional personal computer 20, including a processing unit 121, a system memory 122, and a system bus 123 that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit 121. The system bus 123 may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. The system memory includes read only memory (ROM) 124 and random access memory (RAM) 125. A basic input/output system 126 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the personal computer 20, such as during start-up, is stored in ROM 124. The personal computer 20 further includes a hard disk drive 127 for reading from and writing to a hard disk, not shown, a magnetic disk drive 128 for reading from or writing to a removable magnetic disk 129, and an optical disk drive 130 for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk 131 such as a CD ROM or other optical media. The hard disk drive 127, magnetic disk drive 128, and optical disk drive 130 are connected to the system bus 123 by a hard disk drive interface 132, a magnetic disk drive interface 133, and an optical drive interface 134, respectively. The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the personal computer 120. Although the exemplary environment described herein employs a hard disk, a removable magnetic disk 129 and a removable optical disk 131, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of computer readable media which can store data that is accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disk, Bernoulli cartridges, random access memories (RAMS), read only memories (ROM), and the like, may also be used in the exemplary operating environment.

A number of program modules may be stored on the hard disk, magnetic disk 129, optical disk 131, ROM 124 or RAM 125, including an operating system 135, one or more application programs 136, other program modules 137, and program data 138.

A user may enter commands and information into the personal computer 20 through input devices such as a keyboard 140, pointing device 142, tag readers 18, and scanning wand 500. Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like.

These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 121 through serial port interface 146 that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A display 22 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 123 via an interface, such as a video adapter 148. In addition to the monitor, personal computers typically include other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers and printers.

The personal computer 20 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 149. The remote computer 149 may be another personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device, a personal digital assistant (“PDA”), or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the personal computer 20, although only a memory storage device 150 has been illustrated in FIG. 7. The logical connections depicted in FIG. 7 include a local area network (LAN) 151 and a wide area network (WAN) 152. Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet.

When used in a LAN networking environment, the personal computer 20 is connected to the local network 151 through a network interface or adapter 153. When used in a WAN networking environment, the personal computer 20 typically includes a modem 154 or other means for establishing communications over the wide area network 152, such as the Internet. The modem 154, which may be internal or external, is connected to the system bus 123 via the serial port interface 146. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the personal computer 20, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.

Preferably, a plurality of networked personal computers 20 are positioned within the pharmacy, one at the intake area (21, FIG. 5), one at the customer pick-up area (29, FIG. 5), and one at the data entry/label area (27, FIG. 5).

E. MULTIPLEXING TAG READER ARRAY

Referring to FIGS. 5, 8-17, and 20-22, a plurality of tag readers 18, which are distributed throughout the pharmacy 14, healthcare facility, storage device and/or portable cart, are preferably integrated with a switching device 36 that periodically monitors the status of each tag reader 18 and transmits that information to the personal computer 20.

An exemplar multiplexing system 200 is disclosed in FIGS. 8 & 9. Preferably, the antenna 18′ of each tag reader 18 is operably secured to a multiplexer 36′. Such multiplexers 36′ are commonly known to those skilled in the art. A plurality of antenna 18′ are operably secured to the multiplexer 36′ such that the multiplexer 36′connects each antenna 18′ one-by-one to the tag reader 18. Each antenna 18′ is positioned at a specific location within the pharmacy 14. For example, one or more antenna 18′ can be positioned adjacent to a particular work area 97 upstream of the storage area 30, or can be positioned adjacent to a particular cubby 32 in the storage area 30. A control register 202 monitors which antenna 18′ is connected to the tag reader 18 at a given time and provides this information to the computer system 20, which also detects a tracking signal from the tag reader 18 to determine the presence and a tag and thereby determine its location within the pharmacy 14.

Preferably, and as best shown in FIGS. 10-13, a plurality of antenna 18′ are formed onto a substantially planar frame 204 with a signal shielding structure 206 encircling one or more antennas 18′. For example, the antenna 18′ can be a coil aligned on the planar frame 204 and the signal-shielding structure 206 can be a short circuit encircling the coil on the planar frame 204. Accordingly, the interrogation field of the antenna 18′ is directed substantially perpendicular to the planar frame 204. Accordingly, a large number of antenna 18′ can be concentrated within a small area, say for example, in a will-call storage device, with each antenna detecting the presence of a tag only if placed within a cubby immediately adjacent to the antenna 18′. Alternatively, the shielding structure can be an electrically grounded frame that surrounds an area in which an interrogation field of a tag reader is directed.

Preferably, the tags operate at a relatively low frequency band of around 13.56 megahertz (MHz). This frequency has been found to allow a plurality of tags within a small area to each be detected by a common tag reader. Moreover, tags operating at about this frequency are able to penetrate through liquids and other materials commonly found in a pharmacy without adversely affecting the tracking performance of the tag.

Although less desirable, the tags operating at an ultra-low frequency such as in the range of about 125 kilohertz (kHz) to about 134.2 kilohertz (kHz) or in the ultra-high frequency band of between about 860 megahertz (MHz) to 960 megahertz (MHz) can also be used.

Alternatively, the planar frame 204 containing one or more antenna 18′ may be positioned substantially horizontally on a work area 97 a, 97 b as shown in FIGS. 17 a, 17 b & 18 with the fields of the antenna directed substantially upward (FIG. 17A) or downward (FIG. 17B). In such case, the signal shielding structure 206 need not necessarily encircle each individual antenna 18′ on the frame 204 as shown in FIG. 10. Rather, if needed the shielding structure 206 can encircle the entire frame 204 as best shown in FIG. 18 thereby defining a particular work area 97 a and preventing the antenna 18′ from inadvertently detecting the presence of a tag in an adjacent work area 97 b.

Moreover, and referring to FIGS. 19A & 19B, a plurality of antenna can be positioned around a scanning area and all directed within that area to form a defined space or tunnel 600 in which tags placed therein are scanned by signals generated from a plurality of antenna. Such a scanning tunnel allows for more accurate detection of all tags, particularly when a plurality of tags are grouped together, such as in a bulk shipment received from a remote pharmacy or other off site location.

F. CUSTOMER IDENTIFICATION VERIFICATION

Referring now to FIG. 31, a system and method 70 of distributing a filled prescription order 12 is illustrated according to additional exemplary embodiments. As will be discussed, the method 70 helps to ensure that filled prescriptions are distributed only to the intended customer or patient. As a safeguard, the system limits the ability of the pharmacy worker to transfer the filled prescription order 12 to the customer until the customer affirmatively inputs multiple types of identification.

For instance, in some embodiments, after the prescription order 12 is placed with the pharmacy 14, the order 12 can be tracked and filled in the various ways discussed above. The location in which the filled order 12 is ultimately stored is recorded. Then, once the customer attempts to pick-up the filled order 12, the identity of the customer is confirmed using two or more customer-specific identifiers. The customer-specific identifiers can be chosen from various “patient or prescription demographics” or information typically included on conventional prescription labels (e.g., name of customer, date of birth, address, phone number, doctor's name, name of prescription drug, etc.). The identifiers can also include a unique password, pin, or other code that has been chosen by the customer. In certain military applications, the customer-specific identifiers can include name, military rank, military serial number, or other information often included on dogtags. Once the customer's identity is confirmed, only then does the system inform the pharmacy worker where the order 12 is currently stored. Thus, if the customer's identity cannot be confirmed, then the location of the order 12 is likely to remain hidden. On the other hand, if the customer's identity is confirmed, the location of the order 12 is revealed, and the worker can give the order 12 to the intended customer.

In additional embodiments, the system limits the ability of the worker to transfer the order 12 by preventing calculation of the money owed to the pharmacy or otherwise limiting the transaction until the customer's identity has been confirmed. In this case, the filled prescription order 12 might be stored in an area known to the worker (e.g., in a storage bin where the orders 12 are alphabetically arranged according to the customer's last name), and yet the cash register or other device can limit completion of the transaction until the customer's identity has been confirmed.

FIG. 31 illustrates exemplary embodiments of the method 70 in detail. The method 70 can begin in step 71, wherein the order 12 is received from the customer. As discussed above, the order 12 can be received at a prescription filling center 15 of a pharmacy 14. Then, in step 72, an RFID tag 16 or other unique identification can be secured to the order 12 (i.e., secured for movement with the order 12) such that the order 12 can be tracked through the pharmacy 14 during the process of filling the order 12.

Next, in step 73, the customer can provide identifying information to the pharmacy 14. For instance, in some embodiments, a pharmacy worker can inquire and record the customer's name (e.g., a first identifier) as well as the customer's date of birth, address, or unique password (e.g., a second identifier). These identifiers can be input by the worker manually using the keyboard 120 (i.e., input device) of the computer system 20. In other embodiments, the customer can manually input the identifiers, for instance, using the keyboard 120 so that the worker remains unaware of the identifiers. In still other embodiments, at least one of the identifiers can be input automatically (e.g., by scanning a barcode on the customer's wristband, by scanning an RFID located on the customer's prescription card, fingerprint scanner, retinal eye-scan, etc.). These identifiers can then be saved in memory (i.e., first and second saved identifiers) within the computer system 20. It will be appreciated that the identifiers can be of any suitable type for identifying the customer other than those listed above. It will also be appreciated that there can be any number of two or more identifiers that are taken in step 73.

Next, in step 74, the order 12 can be filled. As discussed above, the order 12 can be filled by moving along a workstream through the pharmacy 14. Also, the location of the order 12 can be tracked as it moves through the pharmacy 14 and as it is filled, for instance, using one or more tag readers 18 positioned throughout the pharmacy 14. The location of the order 12 can be tracked automatically using radio communications (e.g., RFID tracking) that are communicated and saved in memory in the computer system 20. The location of the order 12 can also be tracked using more manual means (e.g., scanning of barcodes by the workers, etc.).

Once the order 12 is filled, the order 12 can be placed in storage (i.e., placed in its respective storage area) (step 75). As discussed above, the filled order 12 can be placed in random order within a respective one of the cubbies 32 of the storage bin 30 (FIG. 5). Then, in step 76, the storage area can be saved in memory within the computer system 20. The storage area can be saved in the same database containing the identifiers entered in step 73 such that the storage area and the identifiers are associated together. In some embodiments discussed above, the storage area can be automatically detected using tag readers 18 positioned at the respective cubby 32 (FIG. 5). In other embodiments, the worker can manually place the order 12 in one of the cubbies 32 and manually enter the particular cubby 32 into memory and/or utilize a barcode system to record the storage area of the order 12.

It will be appreciated that soon after the order 12 is placed in storage, the worker is likely to forget where the order 12 is located because the order 12 is likely to be arranged among a large number of other orders. The orders 12 need not be alphabetized or otherwise organized. Instead, the orders 12 can be placed in any available cubby 32. The worker can rely on the information saved in the database for locating the order 12 when the customer comes to pick up the order 12.

Specifically, when the customer comes back to the pharmacy 14 to pick up the order 12, the worker requests identification from the customer. In response, the customer affirmatively provides the first identifier (i.e., first requested identifier) (step 77). Likewise, in step 78, the customer affirmatively provides the second identifier (i.e., second requested identifier). The customer will attempt to provide the identifiers provided in step 73. Thus, in some embodiments, the worker can ask the customer his or her name (first identifier) and address, date of birth, or passcode (second identifier), and the worker can input this information into the computer system 20 manually using the keyboard 120. In other embodiments, the customer can input the identifiers manually using the keyboard 120. In other embodiments, at least one of the identifiers can be entered automatically (e.g., by scanning a barcode on the customer's wristband, scanning an RFID tag on the customer's prescription card, retinal eye-scan, fingerprint scanner, etc.)

Then, in decision block 79, it is determined whether the identity of the customer is confirmed. The identity of the customer is confirmed (i.e., block 79 answered affirmatively) if the first and second identifiers requested in steps 77 and 78 correspond satisfactorily (e.g., match exactly) with the identifiers gathered in step 73. If the identifiers requested in steps 77 and 78 do not match or otherwise correspond, then the customer's identification remains unconfirmed (i.e., block 79 answered negatively).

If the customer's identity remains unconfirmed, step 80 follows, and the customer is denied the ability to pick up the order 12. This is because the worker is most likely unaware of the location of the filled order 12. However, if the customer's identity is confirmed, step 81 follows, and the storage area of the order 12 saved in step 76 is revealed to the pharmacy worker. As discussed above, the transducer 17 can emit a light, change a color of a light, can emit a sound, the display 22 of the computer system 20 can display the storage area, etc. in step 81. Also, the cubby 32 containing the order 12 can be automatically opened or unlocked to reveal the storage area of the order 12. Thereafter, the order 12 can be located by the worker and transferred to the customer.

In the embodiment shown, the orders 12 can be prioritized or segregated in various ways. For instance, some orders 12 (e.g., highly addictive painkillers, highly hazardous chemicals, etc.) can be distinguished as “special,” and extra security measures can be taken to ensure that these orders 12 are transferred to the intended customer. Thus, as shown in decision block 82 of FIG. 31, it is determined whether the order 12 is “special.” If it is not a “special” order 12, then a lower authority pharmacy worker can transfer the order 12 to the customer (step 83). However, if the order 12 is a “special” order 12, then the higher authority pharmacy worker can transfer the order 12 to the customer (step 84) instead of the lower authority worker. It will be appreciated that the orders 12 can be segregated in any suitable fashion into any number of categories. It will also be appreciated that the lower authority workers can be those without a pharmacology degree, without security clearance, etc. The higher authority workers can be those with a pharmacology degree, security clearance, etc. Furthermore, in some embodiments, either the lower- or higher-authority worker can obtain the identifiers from the customer, while only the higher-authority worker can transfer the order 12 to the customer.

In other embodiments in which the filled prescription orders 12 are stored in a known area (e.g., alphabetically arranged), the system can prevent the worker from completing the transaction until the customer's identity is confirmed (i.e., until the customer correctly provides the first and second identifiers). For instance, the cash register at the pharmacy 14 can block the worker's ability to calculate the money owed to the pharmacy 14 for the order 12 until the customer's identity has been confirmed. Also, the cash register can block the worker's ability to record the transaction in the pharmacy's records until the customer's identity has been confirmed. However, once identity has been confirmed, then the transaction can be completed and the filled order 12 can be transferred to the customer.

In some embodiments, at least one of the customer's identifiers remain hidden to the worker. For instance, while the customer's name might be printed on the filled order 12, the other identifier (customer's address, password, birth date, etc.) are not included on the order 12. As such, the identifiers can be provided only by the customer and the worker is unable to bypass the safeguards discussed above.

Accordingly, the method 70 can ensure that the orders 12 are transferred to intended customers. The method 70 can be employed in a traditional pharmacy 14 or using a portable prescription distribution cart of the types discussed above, or in any other suitable prescription distribution center. Also, the “customer” discussed above can be the actual patient that will be taking the prescriptions, or the “customer” can be one that places the order 12 and/or picks up the order 12 on behalf of that patient. In either case, the prescriptions are likely to be taken by the intended patient instead of being inadvertently re-routed. Moreover, the customer identifiers taken in step 73 can be permanently stored in the database as a customer profile such that the customer need not provide new identifiers every time the customer places a new order 12 and/or attempts to get a prescription order 12 refilled. In this regard, every time the order 12 is filled, the filled order 12 can be tracked through the pharmacy 14 and the storage area for that filled order 12 can be associated with the customer identifiers previously saved within the database.

G. CONCLUSION

In view of the wide variety of embodiments to which the principles of the invention can be applied, it should be apparent that the detailed embodiments are illustrative only and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. For example, although the preferred tags have a read-write feature, a less complex “read-only” tag may also be used in some situations. For example, the computer system can correlate a particular “read only” code on a tag with one or more aspects of the prescription order and/or person to which it is associated with, and use this correlation throughout the tracking system. Rather, the claimed invention includes all such modifications as may come within the scope of the following claims and equivalents thereto. 

We claim:
 1. A method for preventing incorrect dispensing of a filled prescription order from an authorized worker to a customer comprising: providing a computer-readable memory device having saved thereon a first identifier of the customer and a second identifier of the customer; requesting the first identifier from the customer; requesting the second identifier from the customer; inputting the first identifier and the second identifier into an input device by at least one of the authorized worker and the customer; confirming an identity of the customer by confirming that the first and second identifiers input correspond satisfactorily with the first and second identifiers saved on the memory device; and limiting transfer of the filled prescription order from the worker to the customer until confirming the identity of the customer.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the memory device also has saved thereon the identity of a storage area where the filled prescription order is stored, and wherein limiting transfer of the filled prescription order includes revealing the identity of the storage area where the filled prescription order is stored to the worker only after confirming the identity of the customer.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising tracking a prescription order that results in the filled prescription order with a tracking system, the tracking system including a tag that is secured for movement with the prescription order, the tracking system also including a tag reader that tracks the location of the tag to thereby track the location of the prescription order.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the tag and tag reader communicate via radio waves.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein revealing the storage area includes emitting at least one of a light and a sound from a transducer.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein emitting at least one of a light and a sound includes changing a color of the light by the transducer.
 7. The method of claim 2, wherein revealing the storage area includes unlocking the storage area.
 8. The method of claim 2, wherein revealing the storage area includes displaying the location on a display.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the authorized worker includes a lower-authority worker and a higher-authority worker, wherein requesting of the first and second identifiers is performed by at least one of the lower-authority worker and the higher-authority worker, and wherein transferring the filled prescription includes transferring of the filled prescription order by the higher-authority worker instead of the lower-authority worker.
 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising confirming that the filled prescription order has a special status, and wherein transferring of the filled prescription or by the higher-authority worker instead of the lower-authority worker occurs only when the filled prescription order has been confirmed as having the special status.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first identifier and the second identifier are chosen from a group consisting of a name of the customer, an address, a date of birth, a phone number, a doctor's name, a name of the filled prescription order, a military rank, a military serial number, a password, a pin, and a code that has been chosen by the customer.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein inputting the first identifier and the second identifier includes manually inputting at least one of the first identifier and the second identifier using the input device.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein said storage area is located within a pharmacy.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said pharmacy is a retail pharmacy.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein said pharmacy is located within a healthcare facility.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein said customer is a customer at a retail pharmacy.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein said customer is a patient at a healthcare facility.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein said storage area is located within a movable cart.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said authorized worker is a healthcare worker and said customer is a patient in a healthcare facility.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein said authorized worker is a retail pharmacy worker. 